{
  "year": 1750,
  "reviewed": "2026-10-27",
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "attribution": "Cliopatria · Bennett et al. (2025), Seshat Global History Databank",
    "source": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9"
  },
  "source": {
    "source": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria",
    "archiveUrl": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria/main/cliopatria.geojson.zip",
    "archiveSHA256": "e10a4e429fca708788ff9e7572a95fce801fae55852d217cffabc1c59cd4eed4",
    "archiveMember": "cliopatria_polities_only_v021.geojson",
    "paper": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-27",
    "selection": "FromYear <= year <= ToYear; three unmodified source slices archived with xz compression."
  },
  "selection": "Approximate political territories around 1750. The question list selects recognizable kingdoms, republics and empires with reviewed capital or government-seat hints; it is not a complete list of every polity. Other mapped territories and colonies provide context. Some borders and dates are uncertain, and regional coverage varies. Overseas dependencies are not separate questions.",
  "questionCountries": 39,
  "mapUnits": 132,
  "geometryChanges": "Repaired invalid polygons; merged rows of the same source polity; topology-preserving 0.01-degree simplification. Aggregate parent empires are omitted to avoid overlapping their constituent territories. Background land has no modern country borders.",
  "displayChanges": [],
  "capitalReview": [
    {
      "name": "Ashanti",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kumasi",
          "lat": 6.688,
          "lng": -1.624,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Ashanti Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Ashanti Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Ayutthaya",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Ayutthaya",
          "lat": 14.353,
          "lng": 100.569,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Ayutthaya Kingdom",
        "wikipedia": "Ayutthaya Kingdom"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Crimean Khanate",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Bakhchysarai",
          "lat": 44.752,
          "lng": 33.861,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Crimean Khanate",
        "wikipedia": "Crimean Khanate"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Denmark–Norway",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Copenhagen",
          "lat": 55.677,
          "lng": 12.568,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Denmark-Norway",
        "wikipedia": "Denmark-Norway"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Dutch Republic",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "The Hague",
          "lat": 52.08,
          "lng": 4.311,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Dutch Republic",
        "wikipedia": "Dutch Republic"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Dzungar Khanate",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Ghulja (Yining)",
          "lat": 43.917,
          "lng": 81.317,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Dzungar Khanate",
        "wikipedia": "Dzungar Khanate"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Ethiopian Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Gondar",
          "lat": 12.607,
          "lng": 37.467,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Ethiopian Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Ethiopian Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Habsburg Monarchy",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Vienna",
          "lat": 48.208,
          "lng": 16.373,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Habsburg Monarchy",
        "wikipedia": "Habsburg monarchy"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Hyderabad",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Hyderabad",
          "lat": 17.385,
          "lng": 78.487,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Hyderabad State",
        "wikipedia": "Hyderabad State"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Joseon Korea",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Hanseong (Seoul)",
          "lat": 37.566,
          "lng": 126.978,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Joseon",
        "wikipedia": "Joseon"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Bukhara",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Bukhara",
          "lat": 39.768,
          "lng": 64.456,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
        "wikipedia": "Khanate of Bukhara"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Khiva",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Khiva",
          "lat": 41.378,
          "lng": 60.363,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Khanate of Khiva",
        "wikipedia": "Khanate of Khiva"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Kokand",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kokand",
          "lat": 40.529,
          "lng": 70.942,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Khanate of Kokand",
        "wikipedia": "Khanate of Kokand"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Bhutan",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Punakha",
          "lat": 27.592,
          "lng": 89.879,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Bhutan",
        "wikipedia": "Bhutan"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "France",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Paris",
          "lat": 48.857,
          "lng": 2.352,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of France",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of France"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Great Britain",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "London",
          "lat": 51.507,
          "lng": -0.128,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Great Britain",
        "wikipedia": "Great Britain"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Mysore",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Srirangapatna",
          "lat": 12.422,
          "lng": 76.694,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Mysore",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Mysore"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Portugal",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Lisbon",
          "lat": 38.717,
          "lng": -9.133,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Portugal",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Portugal"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Prussia",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Berlin",
          "lat": 52.517,
          "lng": 13.4,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Prussia",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Prussia"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Sardinia-Piedmont",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Turin",
          "lat": 45.07,
          "lng": 7.687,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Sardinia",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Spain",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Madrid",
          "lat": 40.417,
          "lng": -3.704,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Spain",
        "wikipedia": "Spain"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Maratha Confederacy",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Pune",
          "lat": 18.52,
          "lng": 73.857,
          "role": "Peshwa government seat; Satara was the royal seat"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Maratha Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Maratha Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Morocco",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Fez",
          "lat": 34.033,
          "lng": -5.0,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Morocco",
        "wikipedia": "Morocco"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Mughal Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Delhi",
          "lat": 28.614,
          "lng": 77.209,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Mughal Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Mughal Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Ottoman Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Constantinople (Istanbul)",
          "lat": 41.009,
          "lng": 28.981,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Ottoman Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Ottoman Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Papal States",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Rome",
          "lat": 41.9,
          "lng": 12.483,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Papal States",
        "wikipedia": "Papal States"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Warsaw",
          "lat": 52.23,
          "lng": 21.012,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth",
        "wikipedia": "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Qing China",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing",
          "lat": 39.929,
          "lng": 116.388,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Qing Dynasty",
        "wikipedia": "Qing dynasty"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Genoa",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Genoa",
          "lat": 44.405,
          "lng": 8.946,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Republic of Genoa",
        "wikipedia": "Republic of Genoa"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Ragusa",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Dubrovnik",
          "lat": 42.65,
          "lng": 18.094,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Republic of Ragusa",
        "wikipedia": "Republic of Ragusa"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Venice",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Venice",
          "lat": 45.44,
          "lng": 12.315,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Republic of Venice",
        "wikipedia": "Republic of Venice"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Russian Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Saint Petersburg",
          "lat": 59.939,
          "lng": 30.316,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Russian Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Russian Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Aceh",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kutaraja (Banda Aceh)",
          "lat": 5.55,
          "lng": 95.317,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sultanate of Aceh",
        "wikipedia": "Aceh Sultanate"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Brunei",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Brunei Town",
          "lat": 4.89,
          "lng": 114.94,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sultanate of Brunei",
        "wikipedia": "Bruneian Sultanate (1368-1888)"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Oman",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Ar-Rustaq",
          "lat": 23.39,
          "lng": 57.425,
          "role": "Seat of Imam Ahmad bin Said",
          "source": "https://www.nm.gov.om/en/collection/gift/architectural-heritage"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sultanate of Oman",
        "wikipedia": "Oman"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Sweden",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Stockholm",
          "lat": 59.33,
          "lng": 18.069,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Swedish Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Swedish Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Switzerland",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Zürich",
          "lat": 47.377,
          "lng": 8.542,
          "role": "Leading canton; the Old Confederacy had no single permanent capital"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Swiss Confederation",
        "wikipedia": "Switzerland"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Tokugawa Japan",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Edo (Tokyo)",
          "lat": 35.685,
          "lng": 139.751,
          "role": "Seat of the shogunate"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kyoto",
          "lat": 35.012,
          "lng": 135.768,
          "role": "Imperial capital"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
        "wikipedia": "Tokugawa shogunate"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Wadai",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Wara",
          "lat": 14.164,
          "lng": 20.953,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1750"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Wadai Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Wadai Empire"
      }
    }
  ]
}