{
  "year": 1800,
  "reviewed": "2026-10-27",
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "attribution": "Cliopatria · Bennett et al. (2025), Seshat Global History Databank",
    "source": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9"
  },
  "source": {
    "source": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria",
    "archiveUrl": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria/main/cliopatria.geojson.zip",
    "archiveSHA256": "e10a4e429fca708788ff9e7572a95fce801fae55852d217cffabc1c59cd4eed4",
    "archiveMember": "cliopatria_polities_only_v021.geojson",
    "paper": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-27",
    "selection": "FromYear <= year <= ToYear; three unmodified source slices archived with xz compression."
  },
  "selection": "Approximate political territories around 1800. The question list selects recognizable kingdoms, republics and empires with reviewed capital or government-seat hints; it is not a complete list of every polity. Other mapped territories and colonies provide context. Some borders and dates are uncertain, and regional coverage varies. Overseas dependencies are not separate questions.",
  "questionCountries": 38,
  "mapUnits": 123,
  "geometryChanges": "Repaired invalid polygons; merged rows of the same source polity; topology-preserving 0.01-degree simplification. Aggregate parent empires are omitted to avoid overlapping their constituent territories. Background land has no modern country borders.",
  "displayChanges": [],
  "capitalReview": [
    {
      "name": "Ashanti",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kumasi",
          "lat": 6.688,
          "lng": -1.624,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Ashanti Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Ashanti Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Batavian Republic",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "The Hague",
          "lat": 52.08,
          "lng": 4.311,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Batavian Republic",
        "wikipedia": "Batavian Republic"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Denmark–Norway",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Copenhagen",
          "lat": 55.677,
          "lng": 12.568,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Denmark-Norway",
        "wikipedia": "Denmark-Norway"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Durrani Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kabul",
          "lat": 34.517,
          "lng": 69.183,
          "role": "Royal capital since the 1770s"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Durrani Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Durrani Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Bukhara",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Bukhara",
          "lat": 39.768,
          "lng": 64.456,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Emirate of Bukhara",
        "wikipedia": "Emirate of Bukhara"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Emirate of Diriyah",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Diriyah",
          "lat": 24.734,
          "lng": 46.577,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Emirate of Diriyah",
        "wikipedia": "Emirate of Diriyah"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Ethiopian Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Gondar",
          "lat": 12.607,
          "lng": 37.467,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Ethiopian Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Ethiopian Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "France",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Paris",
          "lat": 48.857,
          "lng": 2.352,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "French Consulate",
        "wikipedia": "French Consulate"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Habsburg Monarchy",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Vienna",
          "lat": 48.208,
          "lng": 16.373,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Habsburg Monarchy",
        "wikipedia": "Habsburg monarchy"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Helvetic Republic",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Bern",
          "lat": 46.948,
          "lng": 7.447,
          "role": "Government seat during 1800; moved to Lucerne later that year"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lucerne",
          "lat": 47.05,
          "lng": 8.309,
          "role": "Government seat from October 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Helvetic Republic",
        "wikipedia": "Helvetic Republic"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Joseon Korea",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Hanseong (Seoul)",
          "lat": 37.566,
          "lng": 126.978,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Joseon",
        "wikipedia": "Joseon"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Khiva",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Khiva",
          "lat": 41.378,
          "lng": 60.363,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Khanate of Khiva",
        "wikipedia": "Khanate of Khiva"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Kokand",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kokand",
          "lat": 40.529,
          "lng": 70.942,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Khanate of Kokand",
        "wikipedia": "Khanate of Kokand"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Great Britain",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "London",
          "lat": 51.507,
          "lng": -0.128,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Great Britain",
        "wikipedia": "Great Britain"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Portugal",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Lisbon",
          "lat": 38.717,
          "lng": -9.133,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Portugal",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Portugal"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Prussia",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Berlin",
          "lat": 52.517,
          "lng": 13.4,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Prussia",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Prussia"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Sardinia-Piedmont",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Cagliari",
          "lat": 39.224,
          "lng": 9.122,
          "role": "Royal seat during the mainland exile, 1799–1814",
          "source": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sardinia-kingdom"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Sardinia",
        "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Spain",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Madrid",
          "lat": 40.417,
          "lng": -3.704,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Kingdom of Spain",
        "wikipedia": "Spain"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Maratha Confederacy",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Pune",
          "lat": 18.52,
          "lng": 73.857,
          "role": "Peshwa government seat; Satara was the royal seat"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Maratha Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Maratha Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Merina Kingdom",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Antananarivo",
          "lat": -18.879,
          "lng": 47.507,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Merina Kingdom",
        "wikipedia": "Merina Kingdom"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Morocco",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Fez",
          "lat": 34.033,
          "lng": -5.0,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Morocco",
        "wikipedia": "Morocco"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Nepal",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kathmandu",
          "lat": 27.717,
          "lng": 85.317,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Nepal",
        "wikipedia": "Nepal"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Ottoman Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Constantinople (Istanbul)",
          "lat": 41.009,
          "lng": 28.981,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Ottoman Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Ottoman Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Papal States",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Rome",
          "lat": 41.9,
          "lng": 12.483,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Papal States",
        "wikipedia": "Papal States"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Qajar Persia",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Tehran",
          "lat": 35.689,
          "lng": 51.389,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Qajar Dynasty",
        "wikipedia": "Qajar dynasty"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Qing China",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing",
          "lat": 39.929,
          "lng": 116.388,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Qing Dynasty",
        "wikipedia": "Qing dynasty"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Siam",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Bangkok",
          "lat": 13.75,
          "lng": 100.517,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Rattanakosin Kingdom",
        "wikipedia": "Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Ragusa",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Dubrovnik",
          "lat": 42.65,
          "lng": 18.094,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Republic of Ragusa",
        "wikipedia": "Republic of Ragusa"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Russian Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Saint Petersburg",
          "lat": 59.939,
          "lng": 30.316,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Russian Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Russian Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Sikh Empire",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Lahore",
          "lat": 31.55,
          "lng": 74.344,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sikh Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Sikh Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Aceh",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Kutaraja (Banda Aceh)",
          "lat": 5.55,
          "lng": 95.317,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sultanate of Aceh",
        "wikipedia": "Aceh Sultanate"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Brunei",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Brunei Town",
          "lat": 4.89,
          "lng": 114.94,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sultanate of Brunei",
        "wikipedia": "Bruneian Sultanate (1368-1888)"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Darfur",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Al-Fashir",
          "lat": 13.628,
          "lng": 25.349,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sultanate of Darfur",
        "wikipedia": "Sultanate of Darfur"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Oman",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Muscat",
          "lat": 23.613,
          "lng": 58.593,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Sultanate of Oman",
        "wikipedia": "Oman"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Sweden",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Stockholm",
          "lat": 59.33,
          "lng": 18.069,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Swedish Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Swedish Empire"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Tokugawa Japan",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Edo (Tokyo)",
          "lat": 35.685,
          "lng": 139.751,
          "role": "Seat of the shogunate"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kyoto",
          "lat": 35.012,
          "lng": 135.768,
          "role": "Imperial capital"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
        "wikipedia": "Tokugawa shogunate"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "United States",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Washington, D.C.",
          "lat": 38.895,
          "lng": -77.037,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "United States of America",
        "wikipedia": "United States"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Wadai",
      "capitals": [
        {
          "name": "Wara",
          "lat": 14.164,
          "lng": 20.953,
          "role": "Capital or government seat around 1800"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "name": "Wadai Empire",
        "wikipedia": "Wadai Empire"
      }
    }
  ]
}