{ "year": 1850, "reviewed": "2026-10-27", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Cliopatria · Bennett et al. (2025), Seshat Global History Databank", "source": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9" }, "source": { "source": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria", "archiveUrl": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria/main/cliopatria.geojson.zip", "archiveSHA256": "e10a4e429fca708788ff9e7572a95fce801fae55852d217cffabc1c59cd4eed4", "archiveMember": "cliopatria_polities_only_v021.geojson", "paper": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04516-9", "retrieved": "2026-10-27", "selection": "FromYear <= year <= ToYear; three unmodified source slices archived with xz compression." }, "selection": "Approximate political territories around 1850. The question list selects recognizable kingdoms, republics and empires with reviewed capital or government-seat hints; it is not a complete list of every polity. Other mapped territories and colonies provide context. Some borders and dates are uncertain, and regional coverage varies. Overseas dependencies are not separate questions.", "questionCountries": 66, "mapUnits": 144, "geometryChanges": "Repaired invalid polygons; merged rows of the same source polity; topology-preserving 0.01-degree simplification. Aggregate parent empires are omitted to avoid overlapping their constituent territories. Background land has no modern country borders.", "displayChanges": [ "The source record labelled German Confederation covers the Prussian core, including Berlin, Königsberg and Cologne, and excludes Vienna, Munich, Hanover, Dresden, Kassel and Frankfurt. Displayed as Prussia after comparison with IEG map 097 (1850). Minor Hohenzollern changes remain generalized. Reference: https://www.ieg-maps.uni-mainz.de/mapsp/mapvr850Pr.htm", "Denmark-Norway source label displayed as Denmark in 1850." ], "capitalReview": [ { "name": "Argentine Confederation", "capitals": [ { "name": "Buenos Aires", "lat": -34.604, "lng": -58.382, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Argentine Confederation", "wikipedia": "Argentine Confederation" } }, { "name": "Ashanti", "capitals": [ { "name": "Kumasi", "lat": 6.688, "lng": -1.624, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Ashanti Empire", "wikipedia": "Ashanti Empire" } }, { "name": "Austrian Empire", "capitals": [ { "name": "Vienna", "lat": 48.208, "lng": 16.373, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Austrian Empire", "wikipedia": "Austrian Empire" } }, { "name": "Bolivia", "capitals": [ { "name": "Sucre", "lat": -19.033, "lng": -65.263, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Bolivia", "wikipedia": "Bolivia" } }, { "name": "Denmark", "capitals": [ { "name": "Copenhagen", "lat": 55.677, "lng": 12.568, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Denmark-Norway", "wikipedia": "Denmark-Norway" } }, { "name": "Dominican Republic", "capitals": [ { "name": "Santo Domingo", "lat": 18.467, "lng": -69.9, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Dominican Republic", "wikipedia": "Dominican Republic" } }, { "name": "Modena", "capitals": [ { "name": "Modena", "lat": 44.647, "lng": 10.925, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Duchy of Modena and Reggio", "wikipedia": "Duchy of Modena and Reggio" } }, { "name": "Parma", "capitals": [ { "name": "Parma", "lat": 44.801, "lng": 10.328, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Duchy of Parma and Piacenza", "wikipedia": "Duchy of Parma and Piacenza" } }, { "name": "Afghanistan", "capitals": [ { "name": "Kabul", "lat": 34.517, "lng": 69.183, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Emirate of Afghanistan", "wikipedia": "Emirate of Afghanistan" } }, { "name": "Bukhara", "capitals": [ { "name": "Bukhara", "lat": 39.768, "lng": 64.456, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Emirate of Bukhara", "wikipedia": "Emirate of Bukhara" } }, { "name": "Emirate of Nejd", "capitals": [ { "name": "Riyadh", "lat": 24.713, "lng": 46.675, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Emirate of Nejd", "wikipedia": "Emirate of Nejd" } }, { "name": "Brazil", "capitals": [ { "name": "Rio de Janeiro", "lat": -22.908, "lng": -43.196, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Empire of Brazil", "wikipedia": "Empire of Brazil" } }, { "name": "Haiti", "capitals": [ { "name": "Port-au-Prince", "lat": 18.539, "lng": -72.335, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Empire of Haiti", "wikipedia": "First Empire of Haiti" } }, { "name": "Ethiopian Empire", "capitals": [ { "name": "Gondar", "lat": 12.607, "lng": 37.467, "role": "Historic imperial capital; government was fragmented during the Zemene Mesafint" } ], "source": { "name": "Ethiopian Empire", "wikipedia": "Ethiopian Empire" } }, { "name": "Mexico", "capitals": [ { "name": "Mexico City", "lat": 19.434, "lng": -99.139, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Federated Republic of Mexico", "wikipedia": "First Mexican Republic" } }, { "name": "Greece", "capitals": [ { "name": "Athens", "lat": 37.983, "lng": 23.728, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "First Hellenic Republic", "wikipedia": "First Hellenic Republic" } }, { "name": "France", "capitals": [ { "name": "Paris", "lat": 48.857, "lng": 2.352, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "French Second Republic", "wikipedia": "French Second Republic" } }, { "name": "Prussia", "capitals": [ { "name": "Berlin", "lat": 52.517, "lng": 13.4, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "German Confederation", "wikipedia": "German Confederation" } }, { "name": "Guatemala", "capitals": [ { "name": "Guatemala City", "lat": 14.634, "lng": -90.507, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Guatemala", "wikipedia": "Guatemala" } }, { "name": "Honduras", "capitals": [ { "name": "Comayagua", "lat": 14.46, "lng": -87.638, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Honduras", "wikipedia": "Honduras" } }, { "name": "Joseon Korea", "capitals": [ { "name": "Hanseong (Seoul)", "lat": 37.566, "lng": 126.978, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Joseon", "wikipedia": "Joseon" } }, { "name": "Khiva", "capitals": [ { "name": "Khiva", "lat": 41.378, "lng": 60.363, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Khanate of Khiva", "wikipedia": "Khanate of Khiva" } }, { "name": "Kokand", "capitals": [ { "name": "Kokand", "lat": 40.529, "lng": 70.942, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Khanate of Kokand", "wikipedia": "Khanate of Kokand" } }, { "name": "Bavaria", "capitals": [ { "name": "Munich", "lat": 48.137, "lng": 11.575, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Bavaria" } }, { "name": "Belgium", "capitals": [ { "name": "Brussels", "lat": 50.85, "lng": 4.352, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Belgium", "wikipedia": "Belgium" } }, { "name": "Bhutan", "capitals": [ { "name": "Punakha", "lat": 27.592, "lng": 89.879, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Bhutan", "wikipedia": "Bhutan" } }, { "name": "United Kingdom", "capitals": [ { "name": "London", "lat": 51.507, "lng": -0.128, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "wikipedia": "Great Britain" } }, { "name": "Hanover", "capitals": [ { "name": "Hanover", "lat": 52.376, "lng": 9.732, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Hanover", "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Hanover" } }, { "name": "Kingdom of Hawaiʻi", "capitals": [ { "name": "Honolulu", "lat": 21.307, "lng": -157.858, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Hawaï'i", "wikipedia": "Hawaiian Kingdom" } }, { "name": "Portugal", "capitals": [ { "name": "Lisbon", "lat": 38.717, "lng": -9.133, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Portugal", "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Portugal" } }, { "name": "Sardinia-Piedmont", "capitals": [ { "name": "Turin", "lat": 45.07, "lng": 7.687, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Sardinia", "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)" } }, { "name": "Saxony", "capitals": [ { "name": "Dresden", "lat": 51.05, "lng": 13.737, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Saxony", "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Saxony" } }, { "name": "Spain", "capitals": [ { "name": "Madrid", "lat": 40.417, "lng": -3.704, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Spain", "wikipedia": "Spain" } }, { "name": "Württemberg", "capitals": [ { "name": "Stuttgart", "lat": 48.775, "lng": 9.182, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "wikipedia": "Kingdom of Württemberg" } }, { "name": "Two Sicilies", "capitals": [ { "name": "Naples", "lat": 40.852, "lng": 14.268, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", "wikipedia": "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies" } }, { "name": "Merina Kingdom", "capitals": [ { "name": "Antananarivo", "lat": -18.879, "lng": 47.507, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Merina Kingdom", "wikipedia": "Merina Kingdom" } }, { "name": "Morocco", "capitals": [ { "name": "Fez", "lat": 34.033, "lng": -5.0, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Morocco", "wikipedia": "Morocco" } }, { "name": "Nepal", "capitals": [ { "name": "Kathmandu", "lat": 27.717, "lng": 85.317, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Nepal", "wikipedia": "Nepal" } }, { "name": "Netherlands", "capitals": [ { "name": "Amsterdam", "lat": 52.367, "lng": 4.904, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Netherlands", "wikipedia": "Netherlands" } }, { "name": "Uruguay", "capitals": [ { "name": "Montevideo", "lat": -34.901, "lng": -56.164, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Oriental Republic of Uruguay", "wikipedia": "Uruguay" } }, { "name": "Ottoman Empire", "capitals": [ { "name": "Constantinople (Istanbul)", "lat": 41.009, "lng": 28.981, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Ottoman Empire", "wikipedia": "Ottoman Empire" } }, { "name": "Papal States", "capitals": [ { "name": "Rome", "lat": 41.9, "lng": 12.483, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Papal States", "wikipedia": "Papal States" } }, { "name": "Paraguay", "capitals": [ { "name": "Asunción", "lat": -25.264, "lng": -57.575, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Paraguay", "wikipedia": "Paraguay" } }, { "name": "Qajar Persia", "capitals": [ { "name": "Tehran", "lat": 35.689, "lng": 51.389, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Qajar Dynasty", "wikipedia": "Qajar dynasty" } }, { "name": "Qing China", "capitals": [ { "name": "Beijing", "lat": 39.929, "lng": 116.388, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Qing Dynasty", "wikipedia": "Qing dynasty" } }, { "name": "Siam", "capitals": [ { "name": "Bangkok", "lat": 13.75, "lng": 100.517, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Rattanakosin Kingdom", "wikipedia": "Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)" } }, { "name": "Chile", "capitals": [ { "name": "Santiago", "lat": -33.45, "lng": -70.667, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of Chile", "wikipedia": "Chile" } }, { "name": "Costa Rica", "capitals": [ { "name": "San José", "lat": 9.928, "lng": -84.091, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of Costa Rica", "wikipedia": "Costa Rica" } }, { "name": "Ecuador", "capitals": [ { "name": "Quito", "lat": -0.181, "lng": -78.468, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of Ecuador", "wikipedia": "Ecuador" } }, { "name": "El Salvador", "capitals": [ { "name": "San Salvador", "lat": 13.693, "lng": -89.218, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of El Salvador", "wikipedia": "El Salvador" } }, { "name": "Liberia", "capitals": [ { "name": "Monrovia", "lat": 6.311, "lng": -10.805, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of Liberia", "wikipedia": "Liberia" } }, { "name": "New Granada", "capitals": [ { "name": "Bogotá", "lat": 4.711, "lng": -74.072, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of New Granada", "wikipedia": "Republic of New Granada" } }, { "name": "Nicaragua", "capitals": [ { "name": "León", "lat": 12.435, "lng": -86.879, "role": "Contending capital before Managua was selected in 1852" }, { "name": "Granada", "lat": 11.934, "lng": -85.956, "role": "Contending capital before Managua was selected in 1852" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of Nicaragua", "wikipedia": "Nicaragua" } }, { "name": "Peru", "capitals": [ { "name": "Lima", "lat": -12.046, "lng": -77.043, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Republic of Peru", "wikipedia": "Peru" } }, { "name": "Russian Empire", "capitals": [ { "name": "Saint Petersburg", "lat": 59.939, "lng": 30.316, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Russian Empire", "wikipedia": "Russian Empire" } }, { "name": "Sokoto Caliphate", "capitals": [ { "name": "Sokoto", "lat": 13.006, "lng": 5.247, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Sokoto Caliphate", "wikipedia": "Sokoto Caliphate" } }, { "name": "Aceh", "capitals": [ { "name": "Kutaraja (Banda Aceh)", "lat": 5.55, "lng": 95.317, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Sultanate of Aceh", "wikipedia": "Aceh Sultanate" } }, { "name": "Brunei", "capitals": [ { "name": "Brunei Town", "lat": 4.89, "lng": 114.94, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Sultanate of Brunei", "wikipedia": "Bruneian Sultanate (1368-1888)" } }, { "name": "Darfur", "capitals": [ { "name": "Al-Fashir", "lat": 13.628, "lng": 25.349, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Sultanate of Darfur", "wikipedia": "Sultanate of Darfur" } }, { "name": "Oman", "capitals": [ { "name": "Muscat", "lat": 23.613, "lng": 58.593, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Sultanate of Oman", "wikipedia": "Oman" } }, { "name": "Switzerland", "capitals": [ { "name": "Bern", "lat": 46.948, "lng": 7.447, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Swiss Confederation", "wikipedia": "Switzerland" } }, { "name": "Tokugawa Japan", "capitals": [ { "name": "Edo (Tokyo)", "lat": 35.685, "lng": 139.751, "role": "Seat of the shogunate" }, { "name": "Kyoto", "lat": 35.012, "lng": 135.768, "role": "Imperial capital" } ], "source": { "name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "wikipedia": "Tokugawa shogunate" } }, { "name": "Sweden–Norway", "capitals": [ { "name": "Stockholm", "lat": 59.33, "lng": 18.069, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" }, { "name": "Christiania (Oslo)", "lat": 59.914, "lng": 10.752, "role": "Norwegian capital of the union" } ], "source": { "name": "United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway", "wikipedia": "Union between Sweden and Norway" } }, { "name": "United States", "capitals": [ { "name": "Washington, D.C.", "lat": 38.895, "lng": -77.037, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "United States of America", "wikipedia": "United States" } }, { "name": "Venezuela", "capitals": [ { "name": "Caracas", "lat": 10.481, "lng": -66.904, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Venezuela", "wikipedia": "Venezuela" } }, { "name": "Wadai", "capitals": [ { "name": "Wara", "lat": 14.164, "lng": 20.953, "role": "Capital or government seat around 1850" } ], "source": { "name": "Wadai Empire", "wikipedia": "Wadai Empire" } } ] }