{
  "reviewDate": "2026-10-26",
  "snapshot": "1900-07-01",
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/",
    "attribution": "CShapes 2.0 · Schvitz, Rüegger, Girardin, Cederman, Weidmann and Gleditsch (2022), ETH Zurich",
    "source": "https://icr.ethz.ch/data/cshapes/",
    "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027211013563"
  },
  "sourceArchive": "research/quiz-1970/cshapes_2_gw.topojson.xz",
  "originalArchiveUrl": "https://icr.ethz.ch/data/cshapes/cshapes_2.0.tar.gz",
  "sha256": "196c6d9d881cf944e176e4ce5bfc61074d21792de7152cb0a9e035e56b0297c8",
  "sourceFilter": "Inclusive start/end snapshot; status independent for question pool, dependencies retained as map background. Mirrors cshp.R.",
  "questionCountries": 52,
  "mapUnits": 151,
  "capitalCorrections": {
    "600": [
      "Fez",
      34.0331,
      -5.0003,
      "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170/"
    ]
  },
  "historicalNames": {
    "255": "Germany",
    "325": "Italy",
    "360": "Romania",
    "630": "Persia",
    "640": "Ottoman Empire",
    "698": "Muscat and Oman",
    "710": "Qing China",
    "800": "Siam",
    "365": "Russian Empire",
    "300": "Austria-Hungary",
    "380": "Sweden–Norway",
    "563": "South African Republic (Transvaal)",
    "730": "Korean Empire"
  },
  "limitations": "52 mapped independent states under CShapes/Gleditsch-Ward coding on 1 July 1900, not an exhaustive list of all sovereign or small states. Colonies, protectorates and occupied units are background-only. Source political-status conventions apply; the map shows generalized political boundaries, not wartime control lines. Historical names and period capitals are reviewed, with corrections recorded below. Overseas dependencies are separate background units.",
  "geometrySimplificationDegrees": 0.01,
  "capitalNameCorrections": {
    "2": "Washington, D.C.",
    "325": "Rome",
    "339": "Tirana",
    "360": "Bucharest",
    "365": "Saint Petersburg",
    "698": "Muscat",
    "712": "Ulaanbaatar",
    "710": "Beijing"
  },
  "additionalReviewSources": [
    "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dep/smk/ansvarsomrader/forloperne/1814-1905/id2356819/",
    "https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/developments/dual-monarchy-cisleithania-and-transleithania"
  ],
  "reviewNotes": "Sweden–Norway is mapped as one union in the 1900 source; both national capitals are shown. Austria-Hungary has Vienna and Budapest. CShapes political-status conventions determine the question pool; occupied units are background-only."
}